"Railway Oriented Programming" is a term coined by Scott Wlaschin, a prominent F# practitioner who popularized the term with helpful blog posts, slides, and speaking events.
Outside of the F# community (i.e. those that have not seen Wlaschin's materials) however, the term is rarely used. The larger FP community has more more general terms they use instead for the whole class of patterns surrounding this.
Rust's error handling is pretty good. First of all you see in the signature of the function that it can trigger an exception, so such a function will return Result<T, E> instead of just T. This is similar to Option, Either or Try in Scala, or to Maybe / Either in Haskell. To easily pipe such errors, Rust provides a try! macro, which just expands into a catch block.
Rust is less functional than Haskell or Scala, so I don't know how that works out, but in FP languages it ends up working great. Also, compared with Go it isn't the same thing.
Rust targets C++ programmers (Go seems to be targeting Python/Ruby web devs), the former are used to not using exceptions even when they exist in the language (for various reasons, some valid - some not so much :) )
