Do all countries have something like an Italian mafia? Is there a German or British mafia of a similar scale and sophistication, but we just call them something else?
In America some non-Italian mafias do get labeled as "a mafia" by the FBI. Generally the distinguishing factors between a "gang" and a "mafia" in FBI nomenclature is scale, sophistication, and organization structure/principles. In general, it being a "family operation" (trusting blood family over government or family as government) is a large factor, and often the "omerta" principle is a requirement (that's a strong, core collective binding to secrecy; "omerta" if held as a strong principal "breaks" the prisoner's dilemma game as a law enforcement tool). The Cornbread Mafia, taken apart by the FBI in the 1980s, is one interesting example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornbread_Mafia
I think of mafia as providing services that a government/legitimate private entities cannot provide.
Human trafficking - yup, I should have thought of that. In the counties listed in the link the governments does serve that mafia function. I was US centric in my thinking.
Prostitution - no. It can be legal, but the government does not engage in it.
Drug trafficking - I am sure some governments do it. I wouldn't put US in that list. Both the government investigations and the newspaper investigations found the allegations unsupported, according to the given link. I would say it could happen incidentally but organized crime does not need to worry about the government as a competitor in this space.
Gambling - the lottery is not illegal gambling. But you can argue that is tautologically true.
Racketeering - I don't see where in that link it says that the government engages in racketeering. Rico is a law that makes prosecuting racketeering easier.
