Or maybe a better way is “optimizing for outsourcing”—diligent documentation, strict coding guidelines, etc. That would help to improve communication, get new people up-to-speed quickly, keep things consistent.

I'm not sure why there's a need for apprenticeship today, when there are so many ways to record and exchange information. There just needs to be a culture giving value to documents and documenting practices. This doesn't reduce the need to hire good people, but is likely to increase their work efficiency, regardless of how much development is outsourced.