Though it seems like it might be easier to ship sand for pre-stressed concrete crossties, given that all the materials must necessarily be connected to the rail network.
Also, I wonder why concrete crossties don't use neoprene bearing pads under the rails to reduce the abrasion problem.
Are concrete crossties pre-stressed? It makes sense now I think about it, but I'm just surprised more effort than "pour concrete into a mold" goes into such an unassuming structural member.
I'd guess that poured concrete is not cost-competitive with timber crossties, and pre-stressing is the only way to make them cheaply enough to compete.
Is that true? Anyone have numbers/research on sand that’s good?