There's been much talk about the "financialization of everything"[1], but how did it come to this? What change in laws, what shift in culture, produced this growth at all costs mentality? HFT? The Reagan Revolution? Moving manufacturing offshore?
I suspect also the end of Bretton-Woods, and western counties moving from dominantly Keynesian economic policy to dominantly Monetarism/Neoliberalism (which is responisble for your last two points).
I suggest the following article [1] for more on neoliberalism, as well as Philip Pilkington's series of articles on the origin on neoliberalism.
Sometime in the 1970s or 1980s, companies started optimizing for maximum shareholder value; everything else be damned. HFT and offshoring manufacturing were deliberate effects of it.
[1] https://hackernews.hn/item?id=9106983