My use case for this is to map between the database and application logic.
In the example, the short string 'N' is for storage in a db column, *.NEW is for use in code, and "New" is for use to display in an UI. You don't necessarily want to persist the display or var name because you may want to rename them in the app later. IMO it's a bad idea to store display representations as data.
Oooh, check out Django - it uses them for forms (and maybe other things). I've spent far too much time tinkering with modelformset_factory, inlineformset_factory, and my personal favourite, generic_inlineformset_factory.
(As a bonus, they're quite poorly documented too. Yay!)
That depends more on whether your algorithm is easily distributed. If it is, zeromq will be good for you.
I am currently using it to transfer model parameters learned on machine #1 to machine #2 where real time prediction takes place. The predictions are then sent out via 0mq to a robot controller.
The great thing of building systems with 0mq is that you just add another component without having to think too much about 'but then I will have to implement a protocol for it and HTTP will probably to slow and the request/reply pattern doesn't really fit there blabla'.